Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an innovative, evidence-based treatment that uses gentle magnetic waves to stimulate activity in certain brain areas. It is non-invasive and relatively painless, with very few common side effects. In 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved TMS as a treatment for major depressive disorder.
Scientific studies have shown that TMS is a safe and effective treatment for bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar depression.
What Is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a depressive disorder that causes affected individuals to experience episodes of high and low moods. These episodes can last from a few days to several weeks.
Typically diagnosed during the teenage years or early twenties, bipolar disorders involve drastic mood changes that are much more intense than the mood swings that many people experience during adolescence and adulthood.
Bipolar is one of the most common mental health disorders that affects millions of people each year in the United States. An estimated 4.4% of US adults experience bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.
What Are the Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder?
Every individual is unique and experiences bipolar disorder differently. However, there are some common signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder.
High or manic symptoms may include:
-High self-confidence
-Racing thoughts
-Creative thought and activity
-High-risk behaviors
-Insomnia
-Psychosis
Low, depressive episodes may involve:
-Depressed mood
-Feeling irritable
-Extreme tiredness
-Urge to self-harm
-Feelings of despair and hopelessness
-Suicidal thoughts
Upon reviewing the symptoms of bipolar disorders, it is important to remember that some people may exhibit these signs and symptoms without having bipolar disorder. Likewise, many individuals may have bipolar disorder but not display all of these symptoms.
If any of these symptoms are present, it is best to seek professional advice from a medic or mental health expert.
What Are the Different Types of Bipolar Disorder?
There are four different types of bipolar disorder. They are:
Bipolar I disorder- Bipolar I disorder is characterized by manic episodes that last at least seven days, sometimes with depressive episodes in between.
Bipolar II disorder- Bipolar II disorder involves patterns of major depressive episodes and hypomania, a less intense form of mania.
Cyclothymic disorder- Cyclothymic disorder includes several short depressive episodes over a year.
Other specified and unspecified bipolar and related disorders- Bipolar symptoms that do not fit into one of the other categories.
Is Bipolar Disorder the Same As Manic Depression?
Manic depression is an outdated term for bipolar disorder, and people sometimes use the two terms interchangeably. However, bipolar disorder (and its four types) more accurately describes the experience of living with bipolar.
What Causes Bipolar Depression?
Scientists do not have a clear answer for exactly how or why bipolar disorder develops. However, the consensus view is that bipolar depression comes from chemical imbalances in the brain.
The brain is made up of many distinct structures and areas responsible for different functions. These different structures communicate and interact with each other using neurotransmitters - a type of signaling molecule that neurons send to affect other cells. The most common neurotransmitters are serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, glutamate, and norepinephrine.
Scientific studies suggest that an imbalance of any neurotransmitter can lead to bipolar symptoms, but norepinephrine and serotonin seem to play the most prominent role.
Norepinephrine is both a hormone and neurotransmitter. When the brain produces too much or too little of it, it can have widespread and significant consequences on mood and brain function. Higher than usual production may lead to manic episodes, while lower than usual production may cause depressive episodes. Serotonin also has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
Some people who live with bipolar disorder struggle to find effective treatment. Often the medications that can help improve depressive symptoms also have the potential to induce manic episodes in clients. Antidepressants may increase the risk of switching to manic or hypomanic episodes.
Because of this, scientists and medics are continually researching new and different treatment options for bipolar disorder and other mental health disorders. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel treatment for bipolar depression that can improve depressive symptoms and help clients with bipolar disorder live fulfilling and enjoyable lives.
Read more: Might TMS be for me?
How Does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Therapy Work for Bipolar Depression?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a type of non-invasive brain stimulation therapy that uses magnetic waves to stimulate nerve cells in certain areas of the brain.
People living with mood disorders typically have increased or reduced brain activity in these areas. Stimulating the cells can cause long-term changes to activity levels, producing meaningful shifts in mood and behavior.
TMS is a non-invasive treatment, meaning that the procedure does not require any kind of surgery. Instead, an electromagnetic coil is placed over the scalp, creating a magnetic field that passes through and induces an electric field in the brain's prefrontal cortex. This electric field stimulates brain cells to affect neuronal activity.
TMS is relatively painless with few common side effects. Clients can resume normal activities immediately after TMS treatment and drive to and from treatment sessions.
What Is Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a type of TMS that uses a train of multiple magnetic pulses to affect brain activity. Clinical trials have shown that rTMS works best when clients participate in multiple sessions with time in between each session.
A typical course of rTMS involves daily sessions of up to an hour over four to nine weeks, after which some clients may receive ongoing maintenance treatment.
Most transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments for psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder, uses repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and many people use the terms TMS and rTMS interchangeably.
What Is Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
Physicians use deep TMS to reach brain areas associated with a greater range of mental disorders, including anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Deep TMS is an effective treatment for bipolar depression.
Deep TMS technology uses specialized H-coils to reach deeper brain areas directly without significantly increasing the intensity of the magnetic pulses. This helps reduce the risk of side effects such as scalp pain or headaches.
Read more: Pros and Cons of TMS Therapy
Deep TMS is FDA-cleared for treatment-resistant unipolar major depression and OCD.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and effective therapy for treating bipolar depression, producing significant improvements in depressive symptoms - including those with treatment-resistant bipolar depression.
TMS for bipolar depression works by stimulating brain cells in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, an area involved in regulating many brain functions, including mood and emotional responses. A final report by BrainWays found that deep TMS can produce a clinical response in 70% of clients.
Scientific research has shown that TMS can have a life-changing impact on the recovery journey of bipolar depressed clients. A 2008 clinical trial found that deep transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment led to cognitive improvement in bipolar clients across six domains: attention and processing speed, working memory and executive function, inhibitory control, language, immediate verbal memory, and long-term verbal memory.
A further clinical study has found that TMS can support better treatment outcomes within the first four weeks of treatment and increase treatment response rates.
TMS treatment for bipolar depression is CE marked in the European Economic Area (EEA), meaning it meets the high safety and health requirements necessary for certification in the region.
TMS Treatment for Unipolar Depression
Transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy is an FDA-approved treatment for treatment-resistant major depression. TMS has very high success rates, with research suggesting that TMS leads to improved symptoms or complete remission in 62.5% of clients a year after treatment.
Major depressive disorder is a type of unipolar depression that does not involve the manic episodes of bipolar depression. However, scientific research suggests that TMS may be just as effective in treating major depressive episodes in bipolar depression as unipolar depression.
A clinical trial applying high-frequency TMS to the bilateral prefrontal cortex found that there was no significant difference in the improvement of depressive symptoms between unipolar and bipolar depression.
Is TMS a Better Option For Bipolar Depression Than Traditional Treatments?
Medics usually recommend TMS treatment for clients who have treatment-resistant bipolar depression. There is no consistent definition for treatment-resistant, but it usually involves trying one or more types of medication or talking therapy without success.
For people living with treatment-resistant bipolar depression, TMS can be an attractive alternative. TMS has very few side effects compared to most medications - the most common side effects are a temporary mild headache and scalp discomfort.
What Can I Expect During a TMS Session?
TMS is a non-invasive and painless procedure that doesn't require an anesthetic. Clients remain conscious throughout the session and can talk with the TMS physician during the process. After the session ends, clients can resume normal activities, driving to and from the treatment center if they need to.
Mapping Session
The first TMS session is usually a mapping session where the TMS physician locates the target area of the brain. The first step is locating a client's primary motor cortex, a group of neurotransmitters responsible for numerous essential bodily functions, including muscle contraction.
During the mapping session, the TMS physician will move the magnetic coil over the client's head, sending out single magnetic pulses until they observe a twitch in their right hand. This signifies that they have found the motor cortex. From here, they move the coil in small increments to locate the exact treatment site. The physician may mark the location with a pen on a white cap for future sessions.
In addition, the TMS physician will also need to determine a client's motor threshold. The motor threshold is the minimum intensity of the magnetic pulse that causes a response in an individual's right hand. They determine the threshold by sending increasingly weak magnetic pulses to the motor cortex until no response is observed.
The most common side effects are mild, temporary scalp discomfort around the treatment site or a mild headache. Both side effects tend to fade quickly after the treatment session, reduce throughout the treatment, and can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications.
Less common side effects of TMS treatment include jaw pain and muscle twitching. TMS pulses may cause moderate scalp pain in a small percentage of individuals. However, the TMS physician may be able to reduce these effects by changing the location of the coil alternating the intensity of the pulses.
While any form of TMS has a rare risk of seizures, this risk is equal to or less than the risk from antidepressant medications. TMS has few side effects compared to other bipolar depression treatments like antidepressants, which can cause nausea, tiredness, and insomnia.
Related article: TMS for depression
What Are the Side-Effects of TMS Treatment?
The most common side effects are mild, temporary scalp discomfort around the treatment site or a mild headache. Both side effects tend to fade quickly after the treatment session, reduce throughout the treatment, and can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications.
Less common side effects of TMS treatment include jaw pain and muscle twitching. TMS pulses may cause moderate scalp pain in a small percentage of individuals. However, the TMS physician may be able to reduce these effects by changing the location of the coil alternating the intensity of the pulses.
While any form of TMS has a rare risk of seizures, this risk is equal to or less than the risk from antidepressant medications. TMS has few side effects compared to other bipolar depression treatments like antidepressants, which can cause nausea, tiredness, and insomnia.
Is TMS for Me?
Contact us at GIA Miami today to find out more about TMS therapy. We offer free, confidential advice over the phone or from our center in Miami, and we can answer any questions and offer expert insight, guidance, and reassurance.
